Structured Interview Questions

There is no particular order to these structured questions. Use them to suit your hiring needs. 

As discussed in Hiring, keep in mind

  • The reason you're asking this question - what are you trying to get out of this question?
  • What does a good answer and great answer look like?
  • Good follow up questions

General
  • “If you look at what you’ve done, would you put yourself in the camp of people who say they’ve been lucky in their career?”
  • What did you learn from your mom?
  • Tell me about the best class you have ever taken. What was the class? Why was it good?
  • Other than money, what rewards, benefits, or work situations are most important for you?
  • Can you provide an instance when your ethics was tested? What was your dilemma? What decision did you take?
  • Some people consider themselves to be "big picture people" and others are detail oriented. Which are you? Give an example that illustrates your preference
  • Describe a typical day in your most recent job.
  • Most of us have more than one reason for leaving a job. What are some of yours, from past or present experience?
  • Tell me about a time when you had to practice professional confidentiality. What was the situation? What did you do? What was the outcome?
  • Describe your ideal job. Discuss the amount and type of supervision you prefer, contact and kinds of relationships with co-workers, job tasks, and freedom to work or to make decisions.
  • What is the role you are looking for ? How does this align with your aspirations?
  • What else besides your education and job experience qualifies you for this job
  • What do you think was your major role in the last company?


Motivation and Recognition
  • Give me some examples of the different ways in which you have demonstrated recognition of individual/team success?
  • How do you know if someone is not motivated?
  • Can you give me some examples of how you have motivated your team?
  • What incentives have you provided for your team?
  • How do you personally motivate yourself? What gets you enthused?
  • Describe when you worked the hardest and felt the greatest sense of achievement
  • What motivates you?
  • How will you find if a guy is not motivated?
  • How will you deal with person not performing properly?
  • How do you motivate your team? Give examples of when you did that, how did you go about and what happened as a result


Energy, Enthusiasm and Curiosity
  • How do you energise yourself to do things which don’t particularly interest you?
  • What do you know about this company and what do you think about it? Based on what you know from outside, where do you think the company should be going?
  • Do you have any questions about our business?
  • What additional activities do you currently undertake that give an indication of your enthusiasm for your job?
  • What examples can you give of your enthusiasm for what you do?
  • What have you identified as being the three major areas of focus if you were appointed to this position?
  • Give an example of a situation where you have gone above and beyond the call of duty when carrying out a specific task or project?
  • Tell me about a time when an emergency caused you to reschedule your workload or to work outside normal hours
  • What are the questions they ask?
    • "What is the most technically challenging software problem your company is facing right now?"
    • "What would you expect me to accomplish in my first 90 days?"
    • "How will my performance be evaluated?"
    • "How do your best employees grow within the organisation?"
    • "What is your company's short-term / long-term business strategy? What is your competitive advantage?"
    • "What do you (the manager) love most about your job?"
    • "What are your company's biggest weaknesses? How do you intend to improve on them?"


Initiative, Creativity, and Innovation
  • Give me some examples of where you have ‘led the field’ in your current role
  • What have you done previously which could be described as particularly innovative
  • What methods do you use to source new ideas – where does your inspiration come from?
  • Name a time when your creativity or alternative thinking solved a problem in your workplace.
  • Give me an example of when you thought outside of the box. How did it help your employer?

Leadership
  • “Describe your responsibilities as a leader.”
  • What is your proudest achievement ?
  • Give an example of when you took a risk to achieve a goal. What was the outcome?
  • Under what circumstances might you seek a co-worker or peer for advice or suggestions? Provide examples of time you did that in the past.
  • How will you improve relationship with customers, peers or team in another geography
  • What are the conflicts you've had with your peers, reportees and senior management. Why did you have them?  How did you resolved them?
  • Tell me about a time you had difficulty working with someone (can be a coworker, client). What made this person difficult to work with for you? (Follow-ups: What steps did you take to resolve the problem? What was the outcome? What could you have done differently?)
  • What are some long-range objectives that you developed in your last job? 
  • Share an example of when you established and accomplished a goal that was personally challenging. What helped you succeed?
  • Share an experience when you applied new technology or information in your job. How did it help your company?
  • Describe a time when you successfully persuaded another person to change his/her way of thinking or behaviour.
    • Describe a time when you took personal accountability for a conflict and initiated contact with the individual(s) involved to explain your actions.
    • How would you describe your leadership style?
    • What is leadership according to you?
    • If you had the authority or power, what one thing would you change about your current/last position?
    • What’s your philosophy on leadership?
    • What makes for an effective leader?
    • Name a time when your advice to management led to an improvement in your company or otherwise helped your employer.
    • Provide an example of a time when you successfully organised a diverse group of people to accomplish a task.
    • Everyone has made some poor decisions or has done something that just did not turn out right. Give an example of when this has happened to you
    • “Tell me about a project that you led that failed. Why did it fail and what did you learn?
    • If you were offered this position and you accepted, what one or two major contributions do you think you would make, in the short term (in the first few weeks) and in the long term (after a year or so)?
    • Describe your responsibilities as a leader. Where do you focus the most? Why?
    • What are the two important things that you contributed to the team. What was the outcome? Explain how it all happened?
    • Were there any occasion you pushed back on upper management or reset expectations?

      Business Acumen
      • How have you succeeded in increasing revenue?
      • What other opportunities exist for growth or improvement
      • Describe how your job relates to the overall goals of your department and organisation
      • How have you grasped the specific opportunities offered by your location?
      • What do you see as being the major areas for growth?
      • What marketing methods do you feel are the most effective and appropriate?
      • What are the important levers of your business? How do you contribute to it?
      • What would you have done differently at your last company if you had been CEO?
      • Give a problem the company actually faces and the current thinking on that problem

      Management
      • How would you describe your management style?
      • What are your areas of improvement as a manager?
      • What qualities do you think are essential in a successful manager?
      • What is the most difficult people management issue that you've dealt with?
      • What did you do on your very best day at work?
      • What does office politics mean to you, and how do you see and handle politics?
      • How has your style changed over the years?
      • How does your boss’s management style compare with your own?
      • Compare the styles of different people to whom you have reported?

      Team, People, Culture
      • In your experience, what is the key to developing a good team?
      • How do you get your staff working together as a team?
      • How do you figure out if someone is a team player? (company, team, self -- in that order)
      • How has this changed in different work environments?
      • How would members of your team/colleagues describe you?
      • Tell me about the way you have changed the behaviours and attitudes of your team?
      • How has your boss got the best out of you and your colleagues?
      • How have you demonstrated your ability to influence and persuade?
      • Give me an example of the sort of contribution you make at meetings.
      • How do you enlist the support and co-operation of your colleagues?
      • How do your colleagues see you as a member of the team?
      • How would you describe your team style?
      • Describe the most difficult/stressful problem you have encountered with a colleague and how you resolve that problem?
      • Tell me about an instance where you have sought the advice of others to help you reach a difficult decision?
      • Describe a situation in which you helped a person set a goal and then supported the person to achieve that goal. What was the goal and how did you help?
      • What are the essence of good cultural elements?
      • How do you improve and measure productivity of team ?
      • What is the most difficult people you've dealt with?
      • What are the important/toughest people management issue you have faced ?
      • Do you remember the guy in the middle of your stack rank. What are the conversations you have had with him? What are the challenges that you and he faced?
      • Have you laid off people? What process do you follow?
      • How will you hire people? What qualities do you look for?
      • Tell me about a time your behaviour had a positive impact on your team. (Follow-ups: What was your primary goal and why? How did your teammates respond? Moving forward, what’s your plan?)
      • Tell me about a time when you effectively managed your team to achieve a goal. What did your approach look like? (Follow-ups: What were your targets and how did you meet them as an individual and as a team? How did you adapt your leadership approach to different individuals? What was the key takeaway from this specific situation?)
      • “Describe a few of your peers at your company and what type of relationship you have with each of them.”
        • Instances you've changed the direction of team, the reason and the result of that intervention
        • Tell about a time when you built rapport quickly with someone under difficult conditions.

        Analytical ability, Problem Solving, Innovation and Creativity
        • What are the top 3 problems you have solved in the last year?
        • Tell me about an instance  where you have had to analyse information and then act on your findings
        • Describe a difficult problem you’ve had to deal with
        • Can you give examples of how you identified a small problem and solved it before it got out of hand
        • What would you do if you had a decision to make, for which no procedure exists?
        • Can you offer any examples of situations which have required you to find a creative or imaginative solution to a problem?
        • How could you be more creative in your present role?
        • Tell me about the last time you monitored or reviewed information and detected a problem. How did you respond?
        • Provide a time when you were able to identify a complex problem, evaluate the options, and implement a solution. How did the solution benefit your employer?
        • Instance of two innovative ideas that had a great impact
        • Describe a project or situation that best demonstrates your analytical abilities.
        • Share an experience in which your attention to detail and thoroughness had an impact on your last company.
        • Name a time when you identified strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions to problems. What was the impact?
        • Give examples of patterns you were able to recognise and help your team avoid them.


        Self Awareness, Learning
        • Describe the last thing you did for self-improvement?
        • Have you thought about where you want to be in two, three, five years?’
        • What are your failures and learning from them?
        • Consider the five main elements of your current job and rank them in order of: Importance, Interest, Time, Personal competence
        • What are your strengths and areas of improvement?
        • What do you consider as your core competency?
        • You will have read the job description, how long do you think it will take you to become competent in this new role?
        • In what ways do you encourage feedback on your performance?
        • Give me some examples of your willingness to accept feedback for self improvement
        • Describe a situation where your work or one of your ideas was criticised?
        • Have you done the best work you are capable of doing?
        • Tell me about something you are not very proud of
        • What sort of coaching would you expect from your manager? and what coaching do you do for your team?
        • What aspect of your style of performance is your manager likely to have to spend time on developing or improving?
        • What have others been able to learn from you?
        • How do you set an example to colleagues and subordinates?
        • How would your staff/colleagues describe your personality?
        • What activity, in your working life, gives you the greatest kick?
        • What drives you mad?
        • What would you like to be remembered for?
        • How has your management style changed over the years?
        • What is your team role style?
        • What is your learning style?
        • Describe any classes, experiences, or training you have received that prepare you for this job.
        • How have you changed in the last few years?
        • What do you expect to be doing in 2 years and 5 years?
        • How have you kept up on relevant resources and information about a topic of interest to you?
        • What is the next thing you want to learn how to do, or how to do better? What is your plan for accomplishing this?
        • If you were to look into the mirror (introspect) what would you change with yourself?
        • What’s the last thing you’ve read or learnt?
        • How would describe yourself with “three adjectives”?
        • If I were to contact your reportee, what will be his feedback about you? 
        • If I were to contact your manager, what will be his feedback?
        • Why should we select you?
        • What one or two words would most of all of your previous supervisors use to describe you?
        • What is one thing that you like and one thing that you dislike about your engineering culture? What would you change?
        • What part(s) of you last/present position did you like least? What did you do to try to overcome the situation? What would you think if you know in advance that this situation would be present in your new job?
        • What are the reasons for rejecting you?

        Mentoring
        • “Can you tell me about four people whose careers you have fundamentally improved?”
        • There is a lot of talk about ‘empowering’ people.  What does this mean to you?
        • Tell me about your successes in preparing people for promotion?
        • Give me some examples of the sort of responsibilities and accountabilities which you have delegated
        • How do you monitor and control the work of your team?
        • If you have to identify a person’s suitability for promotion, what factors do you consider?
        • In what ways has your current job prepared you to take on greater responsibility?


        Resilience
        • Tell me how you have reacted to setback or disappointment which you have encountered
        • Talk me through a performance management situation you have had to deal with
        • What sort of things do you worry about?
        • How do you make your opinions known when you disagree with your manager or a colleague?
        • Tell me about a crisis situation which really challenged you – what did you do?
        • Describe the most complex disciplinary situation you have had to deal with
        • What do you do when you have a great deal of work to accomplish in a short time span – how do you react?


        Engineering and Release

        • How confident will you be with the release and based on what criterion?
        • What is the SDLC model you follow?
        • What is the complete engineering process?
        • Who are your stakeholders?
        • How do you manage 2 week releases and 2 month releases?
        • Say you have 20 people and a project that runs for an year. How will you manage it?
        • What is your release cycle?
        • Have you pushed back on any release based on Quality?
        • What are the metrics you depend on?
        • Were there any occasions you have pushed back on Product management?

        Communication
        • Why is effective communication important?
        • What methods do you currently use to ensure that your team know what’s going on?
        • What are the barriers to good communication?
        • How will you handle communication with a dispersed team?
        • How frequently do you believe you should meetings?
        • In what way do you encourage people to express their views?
        • How do you make your goals and targets clear?
        • Describe how effective you are at listening?
        • Describe a situation where you felt you had not communicated well. How did you correct the situation

        Organisational and Planning Ability
        • How do you organise yourself and plan your day
        • In determining priorities, what factors do you take into consideration?
        • Talk me through the planning of a particularly complex activity you have undertaken recently
        • How do you react to interruptions and distractions –when you are up against a deadline?
        • when you are working on something complicated?
        • during the normal course of work?
        • How do you cope under pressure and avoid stress?


        Project Management
        • When starting a new project, what are the first things you do?
        • How do you maintain an overview of a particular project?
        • If one of your suppliers fails to meet a deadline, how do you deal with the situation?
        • What are the important things to monitor during any large project?
        • How do you go about establishing realistic targets and completion dates?
        • What do you do if you have two conflicting priorities?
        • How do you measure results?


        Presentation Skills

        • What was the last presentation you gave? Or what was the last memo you wrote?
        • Share an experience in which you presented to a group. What was the situation and how did it go?
        • What sort of presentations have you undertaken in the past?
        • How have you prepared for these?
        • What visual aid do you feel give the best support in a presentation to a group of 25 people?
        • What is the largest number of people you have had to present to?
        • How do you feel prior to a formal presentation?
        • What type of presentation makes you the most nervous?
        • How do you overcome your pre-presentation nerves?

        Standards and Professionalism
        • Tell me about your ‘obsessions’
        • What methods do you use to maintain the highest possible standards?
        •  Talk me through a typical day – what is important to you?
        • What to you get on your ‘high horse’ about?
        • What do you believe is critical to the success of your work?


        Costs and Budgets
        • What is the most challenging part of budgeting for you?
        • What techniques do you use to keep costs under control?
        • How do you save money?
        • Describe your experiences in setting budgets?
        • How do you monitor and control your budgets?
        • What cost optimisations have you done?
        • But is the biggest source of leak ?
        • What are some of the low hanging fruits you have fixed? How about the tough ones?
        • Tell me about the last contract or cost estimate you approved. How about the one you rejected? Why?

        Role models
        • Who, during your career, have been your mentors and how?
        • What aspects of your former bosses’ management style have you adopted?
        • What sort of things has your manager done that you disliked?
        • What sort of things have you learned from your colleagues?
        • What do you hope your new manager will provide to benefit your personal development?
        • How frequently would you want involvement from your manager?


        Customer Care
        • How would you define your customers?
        • What do you do to ensure you always exceed your customers’ expectations?
        • Who do you believe are you a customer of?
        • What do you think is outstanding customer service?
        • How would you describe the quality of service you receive from them?

        Aspirations / Personal Development
        • What are the reasons for your success in your current job?
        • What is the ‘extra special’ quality that you will bring to this role?
        • Ideally, how would you now like to see you career develop?
        • How realistic is this ambition?
        • What do you feel this job will do to enhance your career and personal development?


        Personal, Interests
        • Tell me how you spend your spare time?
        • Why do enjoy these activities?
        • What other activities would you pursue if you had more time/money?
        • What is your dream situation?
        • How do you balance work / life?
        • How do you handle stress?

        Referral Questions

        Blindspots
        • What was the biggest mistake he made in the role? How did he survive after that?
        • Weakness - Where do you think he is more likely to fail? Why?
        • Why should I not hire him? / Why should I hire him?
        • If I were to hire him and six months from now you heard he was fired without other context,  what would be your best guess as to to the reason?

        Conflicts
        • Is there anyone he didn’t see eye-to-eye with? Why?
        • Are there instances when he didn't agree to the top management. Why?

        Excellence & 
        Resilience
        • Strengths - Where do you think he is more likely to succeed and excel? Why?
        • Where would he fit in the percentiles of the best folks you've worked with. Why?
        • Would you hire him again? 
          • If so, would you rehire him without hesitation? 
          • Create a role for him if you didn’t have one? 
          • Only hire him in the right role?
        • How would you change the role we’re considering him for to best suit his abilities?
        • Did he have setbacks? What are they? How did he handle them?

        Impact
        • How hungry is he for results, for example, what is the craziest thing you’ve ever seen him do to achieve a goal?
        • Examples where he made a huge impact to business
        • Examples where he changed the course of business with his ideas and execution
        • Examples of stiff architectural problems he solved

        Leadership
        • If i were to ask his manager, reportee, peer - what would they say? Good vs Bad
        • Reference to couple of folks he mentored. How are they doing? What did they learn from him?
        • Examples where he showed great leadership. What was the situation? and how did he act?
        • What was his leadership philosophy

        Others
        • What are his passions in and out of work?
        • Did you notice any area where he learnt and improved dramatically?

        Medicine

        [At the outset, i'll clarify that i have the utmost respect for the doctors and the profession in general. They are in the profession of health, life, survival, healing and more importantly - alleviating suffering. What can be more important to humanity than this? ]


        Medicine is a wide area. There are areas where cause and effect is easily discernible. If there is a fractured arm - we know what to do. There are many aspects of the body that are mechanical and electrical in nature and hence greatly helped by advances in technology - say the hearing aid or progressive lenses or prosthetic limbs


        It is important to remember that medicine is in the business of survival, NOT TRUTH. Because seeking truth means understanding 'Life' and the very hard problem of 'Consciousness'. Only the sages have those answers because of their direct experience. Most of the medical science eschews this problems (in)conveniently and look only at the effect to make inferences.


        There are many areas in our body that directly falls under the ambit of 'Complex systems'. Our BS detector should vibrate vigorously when someone makes sweeping statements in those  areas. 


        Having said about complex systems earlier, the puritanical (or sensible) approach to our body and health would be


        • Use prevention: In medicine, stopping someone from smoking has fewer adverse effects than giving pills and treatments. 
        • Approach via Negativa:

                Why? Addition to complex system is intervention. You do not intervene a complex system because you will not know the results. Avoidance is simply not messing with the existing system and a more robust way of handling your health


                The Hippocratic oath says, 'First, do no harm' and do we know for sure?


          • Instead of disease, look at health and work on that
          • Instead of diet, look at fasting

        • Look for Lindy: Check on the habits people who survive long. They must be doing something correct
        • Be Anti Fragile: Develop equanimity and strength of mind that will help you deal with tail events that you’ll anyway be exposed to in life. 
        • Avoid harm and ruin from tail events: for the patient this means, to avoid treatment when he or she is mildly ill, but use medicine for the “tail events,” that is, for rarely encountered severe conditions. 

                (The problem is that the mildly ill represent a much larger pool of people than the severely ill—and are people who are expected to live longer and consume drugs for longer. Pharma has incentives to target the large pool. I'll touch upon Bad Pharma in a bit)



        Conflating medical advances in simple areas to that of complex areas


        Commonly used refrains are: 'Look at the advances made in the last 20 years. At this rate we can produce consciousness.'


        We will become increasingly adept at replacing body parts and will make tremendous progress in various other areas of the body. But, it's a mistake to extrapolate this to the complex areas of the body. There this statement is self-delusional. We will still make new theories, reject old theories, bring back a old theory. It will be a fertile area of wallowing in BS and self congratulation. If you have any doubts about it, check nutritional claims


        So to all the complex areas of the body ... apply the BS Detector ruthlessly however rosy a picture one may paint. Even when it seems to work, it is just randmomness at play and you can be ruined by unforeseen event. What is needed is anti-fragility, not some deceptive smart solution in randomness


        This is where one has to be careful. We can use very simple theories - they NEED NOT BE THE TRUTH, as long as it achieves the purpose (survival, healing, reducing pain). That's why we needn't look for truth in medicine because one can't do that in complex areas. What is important are the outcomes. And that puts us directly in the area of Statistics and Probability



        Allopathic and Western Medical science in general

        • Treats the symptoms not the cause. In most of the cases, cure comes from our body's own self healing mechanism. The healer is inside. The external intervention is just to quieten the mind and body to the discomfort and let nature take its course
        • Uses a reductionist approach. As long as there is not a holistic approach for a system like our body, we will wallow in BS. It will be an endless game of finding new chemicals, correlation and new theories. Why? Because we are Complex systems ... we are sampling various marker signals in a complex system to try to effect a cure ... that is BS
        • Causality is a bitch and direction of causation even more so
        • Have Side effects. Why? If you intervene a complex system you don't understand, you will mess with things
        • Long term usage is unknown. This is dangerous ...because the statistics which is the cornerstone on which efficacy is predicted, becomes useless if you look at a longer horizon because of the confidence intervals.
        • Higher order effects - this is because of the myopic view and simply the lack of unifying thesis of the body

                As if all of the above things are not enough we have three big villains


        • Bad Pharma

        Pharmas have wrong incentives and hence their ethics can become questionable


        The science behind them is shaky - make chemicals, test, prove efficacy. This kind of intervention in a complex system is the equivalent of spray and pray.


        Pharmas can be bad actors. It's an important thing to remember and something we can't do anything unless we change their incentives


        • Bad Doctor

        Another Bad actor. For all the respect i have for the doctors and the profession, many are aligned on the wrong incentives. So the interventions they suggest can also be wrong


        • Bad Science

        Use of statistics and probability to make random inferences. This combined with the ethics and incentives can become an intractable problem to solve.


        Establishing causation is at the heart of it. As we have seen causation is a bitch in complex areas


        The only reasonable way we can get confidence in an intervention is to do a randomised control trial (RCT). If you are convinced that this is infallible, ask yourself why Fat was implicated as a culprit for more than a century? 


                It's a combination of Bad Actors (Sugar industry), Bad science and Bad Doctors 



        Randomised Control Trials - RCT


        Why RCT - our best bet, can be derailed in different ways, 


        • Selecting control group

        When you don't know causality. On what basis will you select? 


        You can only hope whatever that is 'causal' is available randomly and equally in the control group as well as the test group. 


        There is an element of chance involved here


        Let's say that the actual truth about immune response to any medication is actually governed by the enterotype of the biome in the gut. If by chance we get a skewed distribution in the control group and test group, we are looking at bias


        Random assignment helps reduce the chances of systematic differences between the groups at the start of an experiment and, thereby, mitigates the threats of confounding variables and alternative explanations.

        This is the best that we can do here. 


        • Heisenberg effect - Complex system can behave in a different way when observed. 

        • Our body is not an automaton with fixed states, triggers and transitions. Mind is a big variable. Double blind tests are designed to mitigate this
        • Duration: This is an intractable problem. Doing a long term statistical study on a considerable population worthy of statistical analysis is virtually impossible. Even if you are ok with the costs, the environment control, the real world connection and simply handling the habits of the population over an extended period means we will have to deal with larger confidence intervals and errors in estimates.
        • Unknown independent variable causes bias in the model - can't do anything here. Hope for the best
        • Model fitting in the higher dimension - can become the game of connecting the dots and finding patterns in randomness when none exist
        • Higher order effects and feedback in the system can cause the system to behave in unpredictable ways - can't do anything here
        • Causality direction - this is super difficult to establish. 
        • Controlling variables in a complex systems means the absence of some of the stressors that work in a complex system. These can lead to unwanted effects that can affect the outcome
        • Random inference: With all the above difficulties we have to have good interpretation and inference and be able to deal with a larger margin for error.

        So the upshot of all of this is the equivalent of someone saying, 'Well, i don't know how the system works. But i will  intervene it in many different ways, simplify it at will to reduce complexity and interpret the results and feel good about it'. 


        If someone says this even to an external inanimate system - say investing money in a financial system - we'll be petrified ... but we don't blink twice about doing this to our body. 



        Finally


        I'm not saying i have all the answers. As outlined, i can only take the puritanical approach and try to avoid harm.  What i do expect from medicine though is a high dose of humility to understand and accept that we have no clue of the system. We have to respect nature and the innate intelligence of the body to heal itself. 


        Have kindness, compassion, and ethics to the highest level and work with a service mindset.

        Managing Cost

        [Cost Optimisation Pillar from AWS offers a fantastic introduction to managing costs on AWS] 

        Cost Optimisation


        While evaluating costs for your solution, use this checklist

        • Managed Service vs Self hosted solution: By selecting the appropriate building blocks and managed services, you can reduce or remove much of your administrative and operational overhead, lower operating costs and free you to work on applications and business activities.
        • Licensing Costs
          • User based vs Bullk
        • Pay per usage vs Standard costs. 
        • Networking costs
          • Data Transfer (within and across DC)
          • Elastic IP
          • API calls
          • HTTP vs HTTPS
        • Storage costs
          • How much data are you going to store or generate?
          • What is the retention period?
          • Backup and Restore
            • Hot / Cold data structuring.
          • Replication
          • IOPS
          • Caching
          • Snapshotting
        • Choose the right Instance Type
          • Memory,
          • IOPS,
          • CPU,
          • Disk instances are available to choose from.
        • Capacity Planning: Right capacity planning avoids wasting costs.
        • Choose right instance type - Spot, OnDemand Reserved, EC2 Fleet

        Tracking Costs

        Cost optimisation is an ongoing effort. Tracking costs helps tune the cost model, figure out optimisation areas, understand total cost of ownership and recommend pricing options for Business


        • Choose right instance type - Spot, OnDemand Reserved, EC2 Fleet
        • Consistently tag all the resources used.
        • Setup alerts to detect daily and monthly breach and act with alacrity
        • Use Costs Explorer to understand the costs split across services, instance types, business tags.
        • Tracking monthly costing trend month helps to project future costs, understand basic changes in operating structure
        • Include stakeholders and plan cost reduction by working on cost

        Further Cost Optimisation


        After your solution is deployed and tracked, consider further optimisations. 

        • Prepare Cost model for the Service 
          • Expected use in terms of CPU / Memory / Disk
          • Track Expected vs Actual and modify cost model based on observation - understand how cost varies
          • Cost model should help identify what parameter varies the cost. e.g,
            • Cost / No: of users, 
            • Cost / No: of documents,
            • Cost / 1GB of storage iv.  Cost / 1M API calls
        • Tools
          • Tools like Botmetrics can recommend right instance type based on usage
          • Some providers bid for instances and pass on the savings as well
        • Automation
          • AWS instance scheduling - shutdown and bring up instances automatically based on time
          • Dev / QA clusters can be set up and torn down on demand. Reduce the need for long running clusters
        • Architecture
          • Use Autoscaling design where possible
          • Serverless - Lambdas
          • Docker / K8S - Goal: Max resource utilisation,  Datacenter as OS
          • Other architectural changes 

        Finally,


        all the areas should be working together in a continuous cycle. What items you pick in each stage depends on your particular situation. Feel free to move items to different stages - the goal is to get into a groove on cost cycle.


        Cost Awareness -> Cost Optimisation -> Deploy -> Track Cost -> Further Cost Optimisation -> More Cost Awareness 


        This cycle deepens when done consistently over a period of time. You will gain deeper understanding of the cost implications and a systematic way of handling costs